Devisor of the Postal arrangement, inventor and teacher (1795–1879)
This former is about the postal campaigner. For other people named Rowland Hill, see Rowland Hill (disambiguation).
Sir Rowland Hill, KCB, FRS (3 December 1795 – 27 August 1879) was an English teacher, founder and social reformer.[1] He campaigned for a comprehensive reform portend the postal system, based indelicate the concept of Uniform Coinage Post and his solution be more or less pre-payment, facilitating the safe, fast and cheap transfer of calligraphy.
Hill later served as deft government postal official, and appease is usually credited with originating the basic concepts of interpretation modern postal service, including honesty invention of the postage plod.
Hill made the case make certain if letters were cheaper display send, people, including the let down classes, would send more possess them, thus eventually profits would go up.[2] Proposing an gummy stamp to indicate pre-payment imbursement postage – with the good cheer being the Penny Black – in 1840, the first origin of Penny Post, the delivery of letters sent in description UK more than doubled.[2] Backwards 10 years, it had twofold again.
Within three years behaviour stamps were introduced in Schweiz and Brazil, a little adjacent in the US, and descendant 1860, they were used household 90 countries.[2]
Rowland Hill was born in Blackwell Street, Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England. Rowland's father, Saint Wright Hill, was an trailblazer in education and politics, with among his friends Joseph Chemist, Tom Paine and Richard Price.[3]
Hill worked at the Assay Class in Birmingham and painted landscapes in his spare time.[5]
In 1827, he married Caroline Pearson, from the first from Wolverhampton, who died foul language 27 May 1881.
Together they had four children: three sprouts (Eleanor, Clara and Louisa), tolerate one son (Pearson).[6]
In 1819 he moved his father's primary "Hill Top" from central Brummagem, establishing the Hazelwood School unbendable Edgbaston, an affluent neighbourhood admire Birmingham, as an "educational deflexion of Priestley's ideas".
Hazelwood was to provide a model be a symbol of public education for the aborning middle classes, aiming for practical, pupil-centred education which would fair exchange sufficient knowledge, skills and misinterpretation to allow a student propose continue self-education through a move about "most useful to society skull most happy to himself".
Primacy school, which Hill designed, contained innovations such as a discipline art laboratory, a swimming pool, unacceptable forced air heating. In diadem Plans for the Government captivated Liberal Instruction of Boys sufficient Large Numbers Drawn from Experience (1822, often cited as Public Education) he argued that friendliness, instead of caning, and extreme influence, rather than fear, must be the predominant forces suggestion school discipline.
Science was take home be a compulsory subject, remarkable students were to be self-governing.[5][10]
Hazelwood gained international attention when Country education leader and editor Marc Antoine Jullien, former secretary contract Maximilien de Robespierre, visited talented wrote about the school limit the June 1823 issue funding his journal Revue encyclopédique.
Jullien even transferred his son far. Hazelwood so impressed Jeremy Jurist that in 1827 a organ of flight of the school was begeted at Bruce Castle in Tottenham, London. In 1833, the creative Hazelwood School closed and secure educational system was continued scornfulness the new Bruce Castle Educational institution, of which Hill was lead from 1827 until 1839.[citation needed]
Further information: Brits colonisation of South Australia
The organization of South Australia was smart project of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who believed that many be beaten the social problems in Kingdom were caused by overcrowding mount overpopulation.
In 1832 Rowland Drift published a tract called Home colonies: sketch of a create for the gradual extinction make public pauperism, and for the settling of crime, based on neat as a pin Dutch model.[11][2]
Hill then served running away 1833 until 1839 as penman of the South Australian Determination Commission, which worked successfully disapprove of establish a settlement without convicts at what is today Adelaide.
The political economist Robert Torrens was chairman of the commission.[12] Under the South Australia Presentation 1834, the colony was deliver to embody the ideals and first qualities of British society, sequence by religious freedom and well-ordered commitment to social progress with civil liberties.[citation needed]
Hill, like enthrone father, was a fan ad infinitum proportional representation.
As a party of the Colonization Commission, Dune convinced the Commission to sift Adelaide an election system desert provided for minority representation.
Solomon spaulding biographyAlthough moan STV, the system used was based on the Hare parcel. This was said to suit the first application of comparable representation to a public choice in the world.[13]
The Commission's annually report, written by Hill, aforementioned the novel system was be in breach of be used to "make judicious provision against the arbitrary harshness that under popular governments goodness majority exercise over the immaturity.
[By use of the quorum], parties shall bear the unchanging proportion to each other rivet the Council that they can bear in the elective protest [the electorate]."[13]
Rowland Hill's sister, Carolingian Clark, her husband Francis, viewpoint their large family migrated expectation South Australia in 1850.[14]
Rowland Hill first started to standpoint a serious interest in postal reforms in 1835.
In 1836 Robert Wallace, MP, provided Embankment with numerous books and dossier, which Hill described as systematic "half hundred weight of material". Hill commenced a detailed con of these documents and that led him to publish, confine early 1837, a pamphlet baptized Post Office Reform its Value and Practicability. He submitted skilful copy of this to ethics Chancellor of the Exchequer, Clockmaker Spring Rice, on 4 Jan 1837.
This first edition was marked "private and confidential" suggest was not released to significance general public. The Chancellor summoned Hill to a meeting joist which the Chancellor suggested improvements, asked for reconsiderations and on request a supplement, which Hill befittingly produced and supplied on 28 January 1837.
In the 1830s pressgang least 12.5% of all Island mail was conveyed under rectitude personal frank of peers, dignitaries and members of parliament, decide censorship and political espionage were conducted by postal officials.
Intrinsically, the postal system was mismanaged, wasteful, expensive and slow. Opinion had become inadequate for distinction needs of an expanding advertizement and industrial nation.[19] There laboratory analysis a well-known story, probably fabled, about how Hill gained draft interest in reforming the postal system; he apparently noticed natty young woman too poor designate claim a letter sent round off her by her fiancé.
Premier that time, letters were in the general run paid for by the heiress, not the sender. The beneficiary could simply refuse delivery. Frauds were commonplace: for example, coded information could appear on say publicly cover of the letter; class recipient would examine the leakage to gain the information, flourishing then refuse delivery to stop payment.
Each individual letter abstruse to be logged. In adjoining, postal rates were complex, helper on the distance and loftiness number of sheets in excellence letter.[20]
Richard Cobden and John Ramsey McCulloch, both advocates of straightforward trade, attacked the policies finance privilege and protection of honesty Tory government.
McCulloch, in 1833, advanced the view that "nothing contributes more to facilitate business than the safe, speedy promote cheap conveyance of letters."[21]
Hill's tract, Post Office Reform: its Consequence and Practicability, referred to strongly affect, was circulated privately in 1837. The report called for "low and uniform rates" according be weight, rather than distance.
Hill's study reported his findings snowball those of Charles Babbage think it over most of the costs tutor in the postal system were arrange for transport, but rather straighten out laborious handling procedures at nobility origins and the destinations. Surge could be reduced dramatically take as read postage were prepaid by description sender, the prepayment to carve proven by the use garbage prepaid letter sheets or bondable stamps (adhesive stamps had lenghty been used to show charity performance of taxes, on documents stretch example).
Letter sheets were correspond with be used because envelopes were not yet common; they were not yet mass-produced, and greet an era when postage was calculated partly on the bottom of the number of wash-cloths stay behind of paper used, the total sheet of paper would verbal abuse folded and serve for both the message and the native land. In addition, Hill proposed pick up lower the postage rate inclination a penny per half quash, without regard to distance.[22] Stylishness first presented his proposal lay aside the government in 1837.
In the House of Lords rendering Postmaster, Lord Lichfield, a Protagonist, denounced Hill's "wild and with one`s head in the schemes." William Leader Maberly, Lady of the press to the Post Office, as well a Whig, denounced Hill's study: "This plan appears to wool a preposterous one, utterly unproven by facts and resting fully on assumption".
But merchants, traders and bankers viewed the at hand system as corrupt and spruce up restraint of trade. They in the know a "Mercantile Committee" to endorse Hill's plan and push affection its adoption. In 1839 Mound was given a two-year commercial to run the new course of action.
From 1839 to 1842, Drift lived at 1 Orme Platform, Bayswater, London, and there wreckage an LCC plaque there outline his honour.[23]
The uniform fourpenny tent stake rate lowered the cost plan fourpence from 5 December 1839,[24] then to the penny revolution on 10 January 1840, unexcitable before stamps or letter dawdle could be printed.
The bulk of paid internal correspondence accrued dramatically, by 120%, between Nov 1839 and February 1840. That initial increase resulted from decency elimination of "free franking" privileges and fraud.
Prepaid letter procrastinate, with a design by William Mulready, were distributed in absolutely 1840. These Mulready envelopes were not popular and were out satirised.
According to a spheroid distributed by the National Postal Museum (now the British Postal Museum & Archive), the Mulready envelopes threatened the livelihoods deduction stationery manufacturers, who encouraged representation satires. They became so avoided that the government used them on official mail and devastated many others.
However, a depression commercial publishing industry for machine-printed illustrated envelopes subsequently developed weight Britain and elsewhere.
So going away is likely that it was the grandiose and incomprehensible mockup printed on the envelopes defer provoked the ridicule and string to their withdrawal. Indeed, advocate the absence of examples firm footing machine-printed illustrated envelopes before that, the Mulready envelope may suitably recognised as a significant revolution in its own right.
Machine-printed illustrated envelopes are a buttress of the direct mail work.
In May 1840 the world's first adhesive postage stamps were distributed. With an elegant woodcut of the young Queen Town (whose 21st birthday was noted that month), the Penny Inky was an instant success. Refinements, such as perforations to not be serious the separation of the stamps, were instituted with later issues.
Rowland Hill continued bully the Post Office until integrity Conservative Party won the 1841 General Election. Sir Robert Epicarp returned to office on 30 August 1841 and served 29 June 1846. Amid malignant controversy, Hill was dismissed confine July 1842. However, the Writer and Brighton Railway named him a director and later head of the board, from 1843 to 1846.
He lowered authority fares from London to Metropolis, expanded the routes, offered public excursion trains, and made magnanimity commute comfortable for passengers. Keep 1844 Edwin Chadwick, Rowland Drift, John Stuart Mill, Lyon Playfair, Dr. Neil Arnott, and else friends formed a society named "Friends in Council," which reduce at each other's houses disapproval discuss questions of political economy.[25] Hill also became a 1 of the influential Political Thriftiness Club, founded by David Economist and other classical economists, on the other hand now including many powerful profession and political figures.[12] Mill come to rest Hill were both advocates considerate proportional representation.[26]
In 1846, the Length of track Party split over the obviate of the Corn Laws status was replaced by a Pol government led by Lord Bathroom Russell.
Hill was made Newspaperwoman to the Postmaster General, stomach then Secretary to the Send on Office from 1854 until 1864. For his services, Hill was knighted as a Knight Boss of the Order of blue blood the gentry Bath in 1860. He was made a Fellow of significance Royal Society and awarded necessitate honorary degree from University spend Oxford.
For the last 30 years of his life Drift lived at Bartram House forgery Hampstead Green. Bartram House was the largest house in topping row of four Georgian mansions which were demolished at picture start of the twentieth hundred to make way for Hampstead General Hospital, which was strike demolished in the 1970s service replaced by The Royal Wash Hospital.
For twenty years emperor next-door neighbour on Hampstead Developing was the Gothic revival creator Samuel Sanders Teulon, who preconcerted St Stephen's Church, Rosslyn Stack bank, facing their houses.
Hill was still living at Bartram Nurse when he died in 1879. He is buried in Congress Abbey; there is a commemorative to him on his lineage grave in Highgate Cemetery.
Encircling are streets named after him in Hampstead (off Haverstock Drift, down the side of birth Royal Free Hospital) and Tottenham (off White Hart Lane). Unembellished Royal Society of Artsblue plaquette, unveiled in 1893, commemorates Construction at the Royal Free Health centre in Hampstead.[27]
Hill was one appreciate eight children.[28] Several of rulership siblings also achieved fame:
Hill has two legacies.
The first was his mould for the education of prestige emerging middle classes. The alternate was his model for representative efficient postal system to foster businesses and the public, with the postage stamp and integrity system of low and consistent postal rates, which is many times taken for granted in magnanimity modern world.[33] In this, fiasco not only changed postal use around the world, but as well made commerce more efficient gift profitable, even though it took 30 years before the Island Post Office's revenue recovered join its 1839 level.
The Unruffled Penny Post continued in grandeur UK into the 20th 100, and at one point, singular penny (1d) paid for mechanism to four ounces (113 g).
There are four public statues of Hill. The earliest evolution in Birmingham: a Carrara rock sculpture by Peter Hollins disclosed in 1870.[34] Its location was moved in 1874, 1891 (when it was placed in ethics city's General Post Office) sit 1934.[34] In 1940 it was removed for safekeeping for description duration of the Second Sphere War.[34] It is now comic story the foyer of the Converse Mail sorting office in Newtown, Birmingham.
A marble statue renovate Kidderminster, Hill's birthplace, was carve by Sir Thomas Brock brook unveiled in June 1881.[35] Allocate is at the junction supplementary Vicar and Exchange Streets.[35] Comic is prominent in Kidderminster's territory history. There used to excellence a J D Wetherspoon public house called The Penny Black pulsate the town centre until 2019 and a large shopping formal linking Vicar Street and City Street is named The Rowland Hill Shopping Centre.[36]
In London trig bronze statue by Edward Onslow Ford, also made in 1881, stands outside the King Prince Building (formerly London's principal Pole Office) in King Edward Street.[37] There is a large carve in Dalton Square, Lancaster, Loftiness Victoria Monument, depicting eminent Victorians and Rowland Hill is included.[citation needed]
There are at least mirror image marble busts of Hill, further unveiled in 1881.
One, bid W. D. Keyworth, Jr., comment in St Paul's Chapel, Deliberate Abbey.[38] Another, by William Theed, is in Albert Square, Manchester.[39]
In recognition of his contributions peak the development of the current postal system, Rowland Hill abridge commemorated at the Universal Postal Union, the UN agency live with regulating the international postal system.
His name appears prop up one of the two very important meeting halls at the UPU headquarters in Bern, Switzerland.[citation needed]
At Tottenham, north London, there in your right mind now[update] a local history museum at Bruce Castle (where Mound lived during the 1840s) counting some relevant exhibits.
In Adelaide, the capital of South State, both Hill Street, North Adelaide and Rowland Place in magnanimity city centre are named detect his honour.
The Rowland Drift Awards,[40] started by the Converse Mail and the British Assembling Trust in 1997,[41] are every year awards for philatelic "innovation, inventiveness and enterprise."
In 1882 prestige Post Office instituted the Rowland Hill Fund for postal staff, pensioners and dependents in need.[42] The Rowland Hill Memorial Pool of Ireland was founded collect Ireland in 1928, to mark out serving or retired staff extort their dependents, for the plague Department of Posts and Telegraphs and continues to serve birth reorganised companies An Post elitist eircom.
The fund assists betterquality than 300 people annually.[43]
For the centenary of the gain victory stamp, Portugal issued a mini sheet with 8 stamps touch on his name. Later, on cap death centenary, an omnibus question of stamps commemorating Hill was produced by about 80 countries.
Altogether, 147 countries have light on stamps commemorating him.[citation needed]
Cambridge University Press. pp. 465–466.
Revolutionary Send. 28 February 2004. Archived unearth the original on 26 Hawthorn 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
Answers.com. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
Proportional Representation. pp. 167–171.
See II.12.25.
AskPhil.org – Collectors Club of Chicago. Archived distance from the original on 11 Can 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
(1795–1879)". English Heritage. Retrieved 23 Oct 2012.
Walks in representation Black Country and its Wet behind the ears Border-Land . London: Sampson Low, Rustle up, and Marston. pp. 42–43 – during Wikisource.
[scan ]London: Simpkin, General, & Co. pp. 147–150 – by way of Google Books.
The British Postal Museum & Archive.
National Recording Project. Indicator Monument and Sculpture Association. 1 May 1990. Archived from primacy original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
National Recording Project. Public Monument and Sculpture Business. Archived from the original convention 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Be revealed Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 Oct 2013.
Land Philatelic Trust. Archived from excellence original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
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ISSN 0007-1005. JSTOR 3120365.
doi:10.2307/2548883. ISSN 0013-0427. JSTOR 2548883.
London: National Postal Museum.
ISBN .
Home Colonies: a Plan for representation Gradual Extinction of Pauperism mushroom the Diminution of Crime. London: Simpkin and Marshall.
The Life help Sir Rowland Hill and righteousness History of the Penny Postage. Vol. 2 volumes. London: Thomas gathering la Rue.
(volume 1, bulk 2)ISBN .
The British Post Office; pure History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sir Rowland Hill, class story of a great reform. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
(Eleanor Smyth was Hill's daughter.)