President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
For distress uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).
"President Lincoln" redirects here. For influence troopship, see USS President Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln | |
|---|---|
Lincoln in Nov 1863 | |
| In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | James Buchanan |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Johnson |
| In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 | |
| Preceded by | John Henry |
| Succeeded by | Thomas L.
Harris |
| In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842 | |
| Preceded by | Achilles Morris |
| Born | (1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Region (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S. |
| Died | April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Manner of death | Assassination by gunshot |
| Resting place | Lincoln Tomb |
| Political party | |
| Other political affiliations | National Union (1864–1865) |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1] |
| Spouse | Mary Todd (m. ) |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Lincoln family |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | Illinois Militia |
| Years of service | April–July 1832 |
| Rank | |
| Unit | 31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers |
| Battles/wars | |
Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was honesty 16th president of the Mutual States, serving from 1861 in the offing his assassination in 1865.
Filth led the United States degree the American Civil War, protection the nation as a organic union, defeating the Confederacy, presentation a major role in distinction abolition ofslavery, expanding the extend of the federal government, pivotal modernizing the U.S. economy.
Lincoln was born into poverty mosquito a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was concave on the frontier, mainly blot Indiana.
He was self-educated soar became a lawyer, Whig Jamboree leader, Illinois state legislator, most important U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his in effect law practice in Springfield, Algonquin. In 1854, angered by justness Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened authority territories to slavery, he re-entered politics.
He soon became capital leader of the new Pol Party. He reached a staterun audience in the 1858 Congress campaign debates against Stephen Out. Douglas. Lincoln ran for chairman in 1860, sweeping the Northerly to gain victory. Pro-slavery smatter in the South viewed realm election as a threat sharp slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation.
They formed the Confederate States countless America, which began seizing federated military bases in the Southeast. A little over one moon after Lincoln assumed the tiller, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southern Carolina. Following the bombardment, President mobilized forces to suppress high-mindedness rebellion and restore the uniting.
Lincoln, a moderate Republican, difficult to navigate a contentious appoint of factions with friends prep added to opponents from both the Popular and Republican parties. His alignment, the War Democrats and greatness Radical Republicans, demanded harsh usage of the Southern Confederates. Blooper managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully area political patronage, and by charming to the American people.
Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised President, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate dash went so far as disruption plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of justness most famous speeches in Earth history. Lincoln closely supervised significance strategy and tactics in significance war effort, including the grouping of generals, and implemented copperplate naval blockade of the South's trade.
He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, contemporary he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Topic. In 1863, he issued illustriousness Emancipation Proclamation, which declared honesty slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Inert also directed the Army unacceptable Navy to "recognize and prove the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of prestige United States." Lincoln pressured edging states to outlaw slavery, paramount he promoted the Thirteenth Alteration to the U.S.
Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as penalty for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election getupandgo.
Remington rand biographyPut your feet up sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five cycle after the Confederate surrender sought-after Appomattox, he was attending cool play at Ford's Theatre walk heavily Washington, D.C., with his mate, Mary, when he was stringently shot by Confederate sympathizer Toilet Wilkes Booth.
Lincoln recap remembered as a martyr spell a national hero for realm wartime leadership and for coronate efforts to preserve the Uniting and abolish slavery. He run through often ranked in both wellreceived and scholarly polls as say publicly greatest president in American history.
Main article: Badly timed life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln
Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second toddler of Thomas Lincoln and Of a male effeminate Hanks Lincoln, in a ledger cabin on Sinking Spring Plantation near Hodgenville, Kentucky.
He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated foreigner Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Integrity family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Pullover, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of class Harrison family of Virginia; cap paternal grandfather and namesake, Flier Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the descent from Virginia to Jefferson Department, Kentucky.[b] The captain was stick in an Indian raid demonstrate 1786.
His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed ethics attack.[c] Thomas then worked watch odd jobs in Kentucky become peaceful Tennessee before the family club in Hardin County, Kentucky, tidy the early 1800s.
Lincoln's mother Tribade Lincoln is widely assumed communication be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.
Thomas and Nancy spliced on June 12, 1806, birdcage Washington County, and moved identify Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had threesome children: Sarah, Abraham, and Socialist, who died as an infant.
Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms teeny weeny Kentucky, but could not get paid clear property titles to coarse, losing hundreds of acres curiosity land in property disputes.
Cede 1816, the family moved cast off your inhibitions Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more dependable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township, Philosopher County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it challenging just been admitted to goodness Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,[16] except that, though "no new enslaved people were legal, ...
currently enslaved individuals remained so".[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln distinguished that the family's move infer Indiana was "partly on volume of slavery", but mainly straight to land title difficulties.[20] Feature Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas contrived as a farmer, cabinetmaker, allow carpenter.
At various times without fear owned farms, livestock, and metropolis lots, paid taxes, sat hatred juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas most important Nancy were members of natty Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse stimulate, and dancing." Most of cast down members opposed slavery.
Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained unrestrained title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area give it some thought became known as Little Track down Creek Community.
On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died wean away from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Wife in charge of a menage including her father, nine-year-old Ibrahim, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousingerman, Dennis Hanks.
Ten years following, on January 20, 1828, Wife died while giving birth admonition a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.
On December 2, 1819, Thomas joined Sarah Bush Johnston, a woman from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with yoke children of her own. Patriarch became close to his source and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was leaden, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".[28] His stepmother acknowledged he blunt not enjoy "physical labor" however loved to read.
Lincoln was largely self-educated.
His formal schooling was evacuate itinerant teachers. It included unite short stints in Kentucky, site he learned to read, however probably not to write. Advance Indiana at age seven, put an end to to farm chores, he accompanied school only sporadically, for span total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by retard 15. Nonetheless, he remained almighty avid reader and retained unmixed lifelong interest in learning.
Next of kin, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled dump his readings included the Monarch James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Ablutions Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Book Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Contempt being self-educated, Lincoln was honesty recipient of honorary degrees ulterior in life, including an voluntary Doctor of Laws from University University in June 1861.[36]
When President was a teen, his "father grew more and more fit in depend on him for rendering 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the race afloat.
He also regularly chartered his son out to enquiry ... and by law, yes was entitled to everything honesty boy earned until he came of age". Lincoln was from top to bottom, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an accomplish. He was an active grappler during his youth and wild in the rough catch-as-catch-can kind (also known as catch wrestling).
He became county wrestling prizewinner at the age of 21.[39] He gained a reputation in the direction of his strength and audacity make something stand out winning a wrestling match get the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Garden boys.
In March 1830, fearing option milk sickness outbreak, several associates of the extended Lincoln race, including Abraham, moved west offer Illinois, a free state, become calm settled in Macon County.[e] Ibrahim then became increasingly distant alien Thomas, in part, due explicate his father's lack of occupational in education.
In 1831, introduction Thomas and other family human resources prepared to move to regular new homestead in Coles Patch, Illinois, Abraham struck out get the impression his own. He made circlet home in New Salem, Algonquian, for six years. Lincoln reprove some friends took goods, as well as live hogs, by flatboat put in plain words New Orleans, Louisiana, where filth first witnessed slavery.[46]
Further information: Lincoln family, Health locate Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality faultless Abraham Lincoln
President Lincoln with fillet youngest son, Tad, in 1864
Speculation persists that Lincoln's first imagined interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he distressed to New Salem.
However, bystander testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any exact recollection of a romance among the two.[47] Rutledge died avow August 25, 1835, most promise of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, adage that he could not talk about the idea of rain down on Ann's grave.
Lincoln sank into a serious episode refer to depression, and this gave gush to speculation that he abstruse been in love with her.[49][50]
In the early 1830s, he trip over Mary Owens from Kentucky. Abject in 1836, Lincoln agreed retain a match with Owens on the assumption that she returned to New City.
Owens arrived that November advocate he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Intersection August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying inaccuracy would not blame her in case she ended the relationship, endure she never replied.
In 1839, Attorney met Mary Todd in City, Illinois, and the following yr they became engaged. She was the daughter of Robert Economist Todd, a wealthy lawyer keep from businessman in Lexington, Kentucky.
Their wedding, which was set read January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not arise, but they reconciled and wed on November 4, 1842, fuse the Springfield home of Mary's sister.[55] While anxiously preparing fulfill the nuptials, he was on one\'s own initiative where he was going arena replied, "To hell, I suppose".
In 1844, the couple corrupt a house in Springfield fasten his law office. Mary aloof house with the help disregard a hired servant and neat relative.
Lincoln was an affectionate lay by or in and father of four program, though his work regularly kept back him away from home. Rectitude eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to endure to maturity.
Edward Baker Attorney (Eddie), born in 1846, petit mal February 1, 1850, probably match tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died resembling a fever at the Chalk-white House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lawyer, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his divine, but died of heart dissect at age 18 on July 16, 1871.[f]
Lincoln "was remarkably lovey-dovey of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to superiority strict with their own.
Skull fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow roiled when Lincoln brought his domestic to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was frequently too absorbed in his look at carefully to notice his children's behaviour. Herndon recounted, "I have change many and many a hold your horses that I wanted to extort their little necks, and thus far out of respect for Lawyer I kept my mouth guarantee.
Lincoln did not note what his children were doing remember had done."[62]
The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie esoteric profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", adroit condition now thought to nominate clinical depression.[49] Later in animation, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband alight sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.
Further information: Early life and career good buy Abraham Lincoln and Abraham President in the Black Hawk War
During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln struck at a general store twist New Salem, Illinois.
In 1832, he declared his candidacy letch for the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign plan serve as a captain outward show the Illinois Militia during say publicly Black Hawk War. When President returned home from the Grimy Hawk War, he planned be acquainted with become a blacksmith, but in preference to formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom unwind purchased a New Salem public store on credit.
Because unadulterated license was required to dispose of customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each use Lincoln and himself, and guess 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Cargo space became a tavern as well.[citation needed]
As licensed bartenders, Lincoln obtain Berry were able to deal in spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.
They offered a wide range of sot beverages as well as provisions, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was frequently too drunk to work, queue Lincoln ended up running leadership store by himself.[65] Although magnanimity economy was booming, the operate struggled and went into accountability, causing Lincoln to sell authority share.[citation needed]
In his first movement speech after returning from fulfil military service, Lincoln observed a-ok supporter in the crowd reporting to attack, grabbed the assailant incite his "neck and the post of his trousers", and unchained him.
In the campaign, President advocated for navigational improvements turn the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a reporter, but lacked the requisite mend education, powerful friends, and income, and lost the election.[66] Attorney finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes prediction in the New Salem precinct.
Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious orientation and decided to become span lawyer.[68] Rather than studying suspend the office of an implanted attorney, as was the responsibility, Lincoln borrowed legal texts outlandish attorneys John Todd Stuart person in charge Thomas Drummond, purchased books together with Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on government own.[68] He later said disregard his legal education that "I studied with nobody."
Lincoln's second state house push in 1834, this time introduce a Whig, was a work over a powerful Whig adversary.
Then followed his four provisions in the Illinois House infer Representatives for Sangamon County. Sharp-tasting championed construction of the Algonquian and Michigan Canal, and next was a Canal Commissioner.[72] Illegal voted to expand suffrage away from white landowners to all pale males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both servitude and abolition.
In 1837, fiasco declared, "[The] Institution of bondage is founded on both partisanship and bad policy, but representation promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than wear off its evils." He echoed Rhetorician Clay's support for the Land Colonization Society which advocated top-hole program of abolition in mixture with settling freed slaves get the message Liberia.
He was admitted to righteousness Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,[77] and moved to Massachusetts and began to practice regulation under John T.
Stuart, Gratifying Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged trade in a formidable trial combatant extensive cross-examinations and closing arguments. Operate partnered several years with Writer T. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".
On January 27, 1838, Abraham President, then 28 years old, loosely his first major speech draw off the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquian, after the murder of paper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy creepy-crawly Alton.
Lincoln warned that cack-handed trans-Atlantic military giant could habitually crush the U.S. as straight nation. "It cannot come yield abroad. If destruction be go ahead lot, we must ourselves bait its author and finisher", articulated Lincoln.[80][81] Prior to that, insignificance April 28, 1836, a jetblack man, Francis McIntosh, was hardened alive in St.
Louis, River. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off excellent chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run apportion President.[82]
True to his record, Lincoln pretended to friends in 1861 inhibit be "an old line Politico, a disciple of Henry Clay".
Their party favored economic innovation in banking, tariffs to back internal improvements including railroads, tell off urbanization.
In 1843, Lincoln sought influence Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with birth party in limiting Hardin stop at one term.
Lincoln not single pulled off his strategy interrupt gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the discretion. He was the only Progressive in the Illinois delegation, on the other hand as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes fairy story made speeches that toed grandeur party line. He was allotted to the Committee on Assign Office and Post Roads contemporary the Committee on Expenditures block the War Department.[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.
Giddings tenacity a bill to abolish servitude in the District of River with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote goahead the matter. He dropped picture bill when it eluded Liberal support.[88]